Chemical Weapons Attack in Syria

Introduction There has been an intensified debate about the alleged chemical weapons attack on civilians in Syria and the proposal by the United States to conduct minimal military strikes in the country to safeguard the Syrians from the hostile regime.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chemical Weapons Attack in Syria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been argued that the government of Syria, under its President Assad, authorized the use of chemical weapons in an attack that targeted the opposition factions in the country. This development came amidst the civil war in the country. The war has dragged for a considerable number of months, resulting in a lot of deaths and massive destruction of property. More than ten thousand people have died since the breakout of the war (Cowell para. 6). What has been outstanding as far as the civil war in Syria is concerned are the politics of supremacy among different playe rs in the global economy. The main players have been the United States, on the one hand, and Russia together with the support of Iran, on the other hand. Therefore, both the print and audio visual media have reported on these developments, with a number of reporters and commentators providing commentaries on the ongoing developments. This essay presents the developments on the chemical weapons attack on Syria and the steps that are being taken to handle the situation in Syria. The critical focus of the paper is the analysis of issues and the role and position of different stakeholders in the developments. The paper heavily borrows from the commentaries and reports presented by editorial journalists in key media resources. The Syria chemical weapons attack debate According to Cowell (para. 1), the United Nations has intensified its investigations over the alleged use of chemical weapons in Syria in the recent times. The United Nations has been pulled into this debate as one of the ke y moderators and centers for global pacification. The United Nations’ investigators are looking into the allegations that chemical weapons were deployed seven times, including in the last attack that was conducted on the 21st of August, 2013 and whose impact raised an alarm. The United Nations’ investigation has taken a dual dimension. It focuses on the possible production sites for chemical weapons and the possible storage sites for such weapons as it seeks to link the presence of the weapons to the supposed attacks (Cowell para. 2-5). This nature of investigations is based on the United Nations Convention on Arms and Weapons. The Convention has not only banned the use of chemical weapons, but it also largely bans the production of such weapons.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kristof (para. 1) noted that the threats made by the United States to implement minimum milit ary strikes in Syria have been vital in bringing out the truth about the development of chemical weapons in Syria. He notes that Syria has continued to develop chemical weapons for a long time, contrary to the international convention on the development of weapons that prohibits any country from developing such weapons. In what seems like a one sided view to the issue, Kristof (para. 2) continues to argue that the United States has managed to flex its military power. Such a decision, according to Kristof, is critical in compelling Syria to bring out the truth about the prevalence of chemical weapons programs in the country. In addition, there are conflicting reports about the intensity of chemical use in the civil war in Syria and the scale of damage. The scale of damage is one of the determinants of the nature of intervention that ought to be adopted (Anderson, para. 3). A follow up on the diplomatic efforts by Gordon denoted that a considerable level of progress has been made in t he negotiations. The negotiations that had been taking place in Geneva, Russia, and the United States reached a deal to the effect that the arsenal of chemical weapons in Syria needs to be destroyed. The negotiators set a deadline for the completion of the program of chemical weapons destruction in Syria at 2014 (Gordon para. 1-2). However, there is no optimism that such an agreement will be implemented fully. A substantial number of commentators argue that the timeline set for the completion of the chemical weapons destruction in Syria is quite short (Feith para. 4). Moreover, there is an immense critique of the environment under which the agreement has been reached. This implies that a lot of logical issues were sidelined during the negotiations due to immense pressure on the negotiators caused by the tense security environment and the possible security concerns and consequences that were bound to be witnessed if the two countries failed to come to a consensus over the issue of ch emical attacks and chemical weapons in Syria. Even with the involvement of the United Nations as a moderator, the developments prior to the agreement denoted pressure on the negotiators and the two governments to reach an agreement to avoid any blame for the fallout in the negotiations. Unsuccessful negotiations would mean the possible use of force to access the country and the destruction of the weapons (Gordon para. 2-4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chemical Weapons Attack in Syria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gladstone and Sengupta (para. 1) observed that the United Nations is a major force in not only the preparation of the sides to reach an agreement, but also a major player in the enforcement of sanctions. However, the same body is largely controlled by member countries, especially countries that have veto power. The United States and Russia have the veto power. In spite of the agreement having bee n reached, the ultimate player in this case is the Syrian regime. The resolution that was made by the United Nations Security Council does not threaten the Syrian government under the leadership of President Bashar al-Assad. This offers a great opportunity for the government of Syria to cooperate with the United Nations to avert the possible use of force, which may be lethal to the citizens of the country. There is no optimism over the possibility of ending the Syrian conflict by virtue of launching the program to bring the Syrian civil war to an end. Efforts to intervene and end the nuclear weapons production in the country should go hand in hand with the long term efforts of bringing the civil war to an end and restoration of political order in the country (Gladstone and Sengupta para. 8-9). However, whether President Bashar al-Assad can be coerced as a means of bringing the war to an end is an issue that is still complex due to side politics from the players in the diplomatic cou rse (Kristof para. 8). Moreover, there seems to be a split within the country over the embrace of coercion. The rebel forces in the country seem to back the use of coercion, while the government and other citizens vehemently oppose such a move (Gordon para. 8). There have been confusing reports about the nature of the chemicals that were used in the attacks, with some correspondents and chemical weapons experts pointing to the use of mustard gas. Others argue that the attackers used sarin. Reporting on the possible links to chemical attacks in Syria, Kaiser (para. 3) noted that the United Nations’ investigators need to assess the debris where the bombings took place to ascertain the nature of the chemical weapons that were deployed in Damascus and other alleged regions. However, Kaiser does not show optimism in these inspections. The United States is bound to launch attacks even before the United Nations’ investigators present their report (Kaiser, para 9). According t o Fidler (para. 1), the chemical weapons debate has attracted the attention of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). NATO, which is one of the military forces in the Western Europe region, has claimed that these attacks need to be given attention. The tone in the allegations raised by NATO denotes that the masterminds behind these attacks need to be brought to book. This implies the possibility of the involvement of NATO in direct intervention.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it is not known whether there is a force from the United States compelling NATO to give the warning. The statement released by NATO seemed to be affirmative. In the report, it was noted that there are stockpiles of chemical weapons in Syria. Again, this raises the question about the essence of the ongoing investigations bearing in mind that most of the renowned powers provide statements that seem to affirm that the Syrian regime has promoted the production of chemical weapons. If it is true that such weapons are being produced and have been used to unleash violence on the people of Syria, then the condemnation from the international community is welcome. The production and deployment of these weapons pose a threat not only to the citizens of Syrian, but also across the entire world. The mere fact that these weapons have been deployed in Syria means that there is a high potential of these weapons crossing the borders and being deployed in other countries (Fidler para. 3-9). Feith (para. 2) ascertains that the policy of the United States in Syria is multifaceted. The United States is not only concerned about the production and the claimed deployment of chemical attacks in the country, but it also focuses on the humanitarian crisis that has been created from the long standoff in the country and the possibility of combating the greater interests of Iran in Syria. It is claimed that Iran has continuously offered support to Hezbollah proxies, who have helped in keeping the hostile regime in power. The United States government has continuously made attempts to link the Syrian regime to the chemical weapons attack. People have been seeing the policy of the United States in Syria as focusing on ousting President Assad from power. This has caused the United States to change its policy by launching the campaign to preserve Assad in power and still implement its foreign policy goals in the region (Feith para. 2-4). Informed opinion on the Syria chemical weapons a ttack The issue of chemical weapons attack in Syria is an eye opener into the large gap that prevails in the international political systems and the ability of these systems to embrace trust and cooperation for the sake of promoting human security. The debate and opinions on the issue revolve around the responsibility of each player and whether these claimed responsibilities can be justified. Therefore, it can be said that a lot of ethical issues are evident in the developments that are taking place, with most of the players seeking to justify their planned set of responses. It is evident that the supposed attacks have sparked the struggle for power and supremacy in the global political arena. This incites a psychological war between the United States and its contemporary competitors (Charles para. 1-2). The countries that are on the periphery, but have been closely linked to the contemporary developments and the search for a permanent solution in the conflict include Russia and the United States. These are the two countries that have immensely struggled for power and supremacy in the world history. Russia, together with a number of its allies like Iran and North Korea, is opposed to plans to conduct military strikes in Syria by arguing that they will aid the Syrian regime to counter any military attacks if the United States decides to go on with the proposed military strikes. In this case, Syria is viewed as a periphery battle ground as far as the renewed struggle for supremacy between the United States and Russia is concerned. The struggle by these periphery countries to justify their actions concerning the issue does not offer a solution to the citizens of Syria, who continue to face the wrath from the sustained civil war in the country. Whether the chemical weapons are deployed in the country or not seems to be the main focus. Looking at it from the ethical stance, it is critical to focus on tactics that will stop or minimize the negative attributes of the civil war on the civilians. This is the form of humanity that is required, instead of the contest that is being seen from the commentaries. The use of chemical weapons needs to be condemned using the strongest terms possible as the use of such weapons endangers the status of humanity in the word. The question that needs to be asked and responded to is how the production of such weapons can be stopped without causing more harm to innocent people in Syria. The question should not focus on whether these weapons were used or not, but on whether there is a better way of preventing the production of such weapons in order to eliminate the chances of such weapons being deployed again and assuring the Syrians of safety and security. With periphery politics surrounding the issue, the investigations and the role of the United Nations in the issue are bound to be watered down by what can be termed as the re-emergence of realistic tendencies in global politics. For once, it is critical for the United States to put aside its interests in Syria and implement policies that can help to avert the humanitarian situation in Syria. Conclusion From the discussion above, it can be argued that the issue of the civil war in Syria and the recent developments has sparked international debates. The rationale for this conclusion is that the supposed chemical weapons attack in Syria has sparked concerns about international security and the responsibility of world powers in sustaining global peace. In addition, the issue of the battle for supremacy has re-emerged, thereby making the issue more complex due to the clash of interests evident in the way different countries are crafting their foreign policies in relation to the Syrian chemical weapons attack issue. Variations in commentaries and opinions are bound to broaden as actions are taken by different players. Works Cited Anderson, Jon Lee. â€Å"Syria, Assad, and the History of Chemical Weapons.† The New Yorker 22 Aug. 2013. Web. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/08/syria-assad-and-the-history-of-chemical-weapons.html Charles, Eric. â€Å"Syria, Chemical Weapons, and Confirmation Bias.† The Daily Democrat. 2013. Web. http://www.thedailydemocrat.com/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=23190Itemid=9 Cowell, Alan. â€Å"U.N. Investigates More Alleged Chemical Attacks in Syria.† The New York Times 27 Sept. 2013. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/28/world/middleeast/united-nations-syria-chemical-weapons.html Feith, Douglas J. â€Å"A Very Productive Chemical-Weapons Attack.† The Wall Street Journal 16 Sept. 2013. Web. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324665604579078940387757478.html. Fidler, Stephen. â€Å"NATO Says Syria Chemical Attack ‘Cannot Go Unanswered’.†The Wall Street Journal 28 Aug. 2013. Web. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324009304579040753547926212.html Gladstone, Rick, and Somini Sengupta. â€Å"Swift Move ment Is Seen on Syria After U.N. Action.† The New York Times 27 Sept. 2013. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/28/world/middleeast/syria-chemical-weapons.html?ref=michaelrgordon. Gordon, Michael R. â€Å"U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria’s Chemical Arms.† The New York Times 14 Sept. 2013. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/world/middleeast/syria-talks.html?pagewanted=all Kaiser, Jocelyn. â€Å"Backgrounder: Clues to a Chemical Weapons Attack in Syria.† Science Magazine 28 Aug. 2013. Web. http://news.sciencemag.org/asiapacific/2013/08/backgrounder-clues-chemical-weapons-attack-syria Kristof, Nicholas D. â€Å"That Threat Worked.† The New York Times 11Sept. 2013. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/kristof-that-threat-worked.html?_r=0 This essay on Chemical Weapons Attack in Syria was written and submitted by user Gabriel Dawson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alexander Surname Meaning and Origin

Alexander Surname Meaning and Origin The Alexander surname means repulser of the enemy or defender of men. It derives from the personal name Alexander, derived from the Greek AÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ±vÃŽ ´poÏ‚ (Alexandros),  made up of alexin, meaning to defend and andros, meaning man. Although derived from a personal name of  Greek origin, the Alexander surname is most commonly found in Scotland as an Anglicized form of the Gaelic name MacAlasdair.  MACALLISTER is a common derivation. Alexander is the  104th most popular surname in Scotland, just dropping out of the top 100 during the past decade.   Surname Origin:  Scottish, English, Dutch, German Alternate Surname Spellings:  ALEXANDRE, ALESANDER, ALESANDRE, ALAXANDAIR, ALASDAIR, ALEXANDAR, ALEKSANDER, MACALEXANDER Where in the World is the ALEXANDER Surname Found? Perhaps surprising, but the Alexander surname is found in the greatest frequency in the Caribbean island nation of Grenada, where one in 52 people bears the surname. According to Forebears, it also ranks among the top 20 surnames in several other Caribbean countries, including St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Dominica, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Alexander is also popular in Scotland and the United States; it ranks just out of the top 100 surnames in both countries. WorldNames PublicProfiler  highlights Alexander as an especially popular surname in Australia and New Zealand, followed by the United States and Great Britain. Within Scotland, Alexander is found most frequently in South Ayrshire.   Famous People with the Last Name ALEXANDER Harold Alexander -  British commander who fought in both World WarsNathaniel Alexander - inventor of the folding chairJason Alexander - American film, theater and television actor, most well known for his role as George in Seinfeld.Archibald Alexander - Protestant clergyman and educator Genealogy Resources for the Surname ALEXANDER Clan Alexander and North AmericaA history of Clan Alexander and its ties to North America by Lord Stirling, the current clan chief. Alexander Surname Y-DNA ProjectOver 340 members belong to this Y-DNA surname project at FamilyTreeDNA, organized to connect individuals with the Alexander surname interested in DNA testing. Alexander Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Alexander surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Alexander query. FamilySearch - ALEXANDER GenealogyExplore over 3.5 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Alexander surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website. ALEXANDER Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Alexander surname. DistantCousin.com - ALEXANDER Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Alexander. The Alexander Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Alexander from the website of Genealogy Today. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Week One Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week One Discussion Questions - Essay Example Without these estimates, it would be impossible for the company to make the changes necessary today to keep the companys finances on solid ground tomorrow. By the time the hard data was in, it might be too late. Many stakeholders, internal and external, rely on a companys accounting estimates as a basis for the decisions that impact their business activity. Shareholders may make a decision to buy or sell. Vendors may increase or decrease the production of raw materials. Plans for expansion may be made based on revenue estimates. For these reasons, it is imperative that the accountant provides an accurate, and ethical, estimate based on the information available. There may be a temptation to exaggerate, overlook, or manufacture the data in an effort to unfairly benefit a specific stakeholder, such as the case at Enron and its unethical practices. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, passed in response to Enrons unethical and deceptive estimates, now requires all publicly held companies to have a "financial expert serving on its audit committee" and have a set of "written standards reasonably designed to deter wrongdoing" (Green, 2005, p.239). 2.) Internal controls are a set of processes and procedures that a company has in place to protect and insure solid management practices, and reduce the potential for unethical activity. Internal controls help prevent a careless, intentional, or malicious act from impacting the company in a negative fashion. For example, requiring that two different people sign all checks can help prevent the unauthorized use of a specific bank account. In addition, multiple experts, that can all agree and form a consensus as to their probablility of being accurate, should review all estimates. Internal controls are generally placed at points of transactions where money and goods are most at risk. The accounts payable account could be at risk if a malicious employee manufactured false invoices to be paid to their personal account. An internal

Writers Inventory Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writers Inventory Letter - Essay Example Also, I have discovered that choosing topics is not as difficult as I initially found it to be – it needs creativity in many cases. One thing that I have never quite learned is how to make transitions when introducing new ideas. The use of connectors such as â€Å"so †¦ that, although, no sooner †¦than and thought† have proved to be quite challenging. Similarly, incorporating quotes and citing other people’s works in my writing has remained a challenge – maybe because I haven’t learned how to use some punctuations marks. Although my grammar has improved, I know I have quite a lot to do still. For example many times I misspell words that look so simple. Because my grammar is still inadequate, I often lack words to use in place of others. I will try reading more literature to learn more words and how to use them. I need to learn how to keep to the topic as I write. In many occasions, I have presented irrelevant information and far exceeded or presented inadequate material. I may start writing well but somewhere along the line I go off topic. I tend to use so many words to explain even simple concepts. I hope to work on these weaknesses. I will have to practice more to stick to the topic. I also want to thank you for being so helpful to me and to the whole of our class.

Military Orders Essay Example for Free

Military Orders Essay The issue of following military orders from higher ranking military officials that may be unethical has been a disturbing and controversial issue over many years and decades. Many soldiers and service members in general have been put into a situation where they were given in order, knowing well that the situation isn’t right but cannot disobey. The leader giving the order in all likelihood may threaten or set out stiff punishment on to the individual who did not follow the order or hesitates to follow out on the order. It just isn’t fair that these soldiers and service members are put in these situations and get punished for doing the right thing. When this situation may be in question in a court of law because of the severity of the crime, these soldiers may get in trouble for committing the act even though they were just following orders. This is a big problem in the United States military and it’s not fair that these soldiers and service members, who sacrifice their lives for our freedom, are punished and put in this situation. Military members who fail to obey the lawful orders of their superiors risk serious consequences. Article 90 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) makes it a crime for a military member to willfully  disobey a superior commissioned officer. Article 91 makes it a crime to willfully   disobey a superior Noncommissioned or Warrant Officer. Article 92 makes it a crime to disobey any lawful order (the disobedience does not have to be â€Å"willful† under this article). In fact, under Article 90, during times of war, a military member who willfully disobeys a superior commissioned officer can be sentenced to death (Powers, N/A). The articles that mentioned above clearly state that a service member cannot disobey a lawful order or they will be punished for the crime, under the article covers their punishment. The excuse of just following orders when they are lawful or not is not an excuse nor will it bold well in a military court. Following through with an unlawful order is bad if not worse than disobeying a lawful order. The individuals committing these crimes will be held accountable and will be punished to the fullest extent. In other cases, some service members have made willful decisions in which they have went AWOL from the orders they received and were supposed to report. An example is when an Army flight surgeon who is risking his career to force President Barack Obama to prove he’s a natural born citizen is under investigation by the Army after failing to report for duty in preparation for an Afghanistan deployment. Lt. Col. Terrance Lakin was ordered to report to Fort Campbell, Ky. on April 12 but instead reported to Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, his former assignment (Jordan, 2010). In this situation, Lt. Col. Lakin is committing a willful crime that is illegal under the articles of UCMJ and is only doing this because of his beliefs. His beliefs that President Barrack Obama needs to prove he is a natural born citizen of the United States. Just reading this article, it provides me with this question: Is it really worth getting in trouble and potentially giving up on a well decorated, stable career for just not showing up to your assigned place of duty just for some proof. President Obama was put into office for a reason and like any job out there was checked up upon and is very much qualified for the position. I think this is a bad decision by Lt. Col. Lakin. Giving up so much for this purpose is just plain ridiculous to me. There are also times where groups of soldiers disobey orders set out for them only because they feel for their lives. Maybe, they experienced something before they lead them to disobey the order. In 2004, Jeremy Hudson of the Clarion-Ledger in Jackson, Miss. , the reporter who broke the story about a military unit in Iraq refusing to go on a dangerous mission. The U. S. military unit in Iraq reportedly refused an order to join what the soldiers called a suicide mission to deliver fuel from their base near Nasiriyah to another base near Taji further north. The soldiers were reservists in a Quartermaster Company. They were supposed to deliver fuel. And they had had some concerns previously about delivering the fuel because of, as they termed it, ill-equipped vehicles mainly lacking the proper armor, and even maintenance problems with the vehicles. They had expressed this, from what I have been told, to their commanders, and basically it fell on deaf ears. They got together and talked to their commanders, from what Im told was for some time, and basically got nowhere. So they decided together to not go (Hudson, 2004). In an article in the Lancet (The Lancet, 2011), a survey was conducted 7 to months into a 15 month, intensity combat deployment in Iraq, between December 11, 2007 and January 30, 2008. An infantry brigade combat team soldiers were picked randomly based upon their company and last four digits of each of these soldiers social security number. The following is an a piece of the article explaining the methods conducted to produce this survey. These soldiers were then invited to complete an anonymous survey 3 months after completion of the training. Reports of unethical behavior and attitudes in this sample were compared with a randomly selected pre-training sample from the same brigade. The response patterns for ethical behavior and reporting of ethical violations were analyzed with chi-square analyses. We developed two logistic regression models using self-reported unethical behaviors as dependent variables. Factors associated with unethical conduct, including combat experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), were assessed with validated scales (The Lancet, 2011). 500 random soldiers were selected to take the survey and 421 agreed to do the anonymous post training survey. 97 soldiers completed the pre-training survey. The following is the results of the surveys that these soldiers took. Training was associated with significantly lower rates of unethical conduct of soldiers and greater willingness to report and address misconduct than in those before training. For example, reports of unnecessary damage or destruction of private property decreased from 13 ·6% (54 of 397) before training to 5 ·0% (21 of 421) after training (percent difference ? 63 ·2%), and willingness to report a unit member for mistreatment of a non-combatant increased from 36 ·0% (143 of 397) to 58 ·9% (248 of 421). Nearly all participants (410 [97%]) reported that training made it clear how to respond towards non-combatants. Combat frequency and intensity was the strongest predictor of unethical behavior; PTSD was not a significant predictor of unethical behavior after controlling for combat experiences (The Lancet, 2011). With the results of this survey I have come to the conclusion that training is the key to educate these soldiers on how to handle combat situations. The percentage increased in every topic discussed and it proves the fact that training is the absolute way to help these soldiers learn and understand the rules and regulations. What is lawful and what is not. Also, the soldier rights to disobey an order that is not lawful. There are other unethical matters that deal with the military and orders that are ordered to take place. The issue of a soldier that is wounded/injured in a warzone or a military environment and is taken to a medical facility receives but the soldier makes the decision to refuse the medical attention. What rights does the soldier if any have? Does this soldier have the right to make this decision? By not receiving the medical attention, he or she can affect their own livelihood and also others around them by refusing to get help. In an article by Janet Kelly, of the University of Hull, UK, she presents a few scenarios on about this topic and what happens when a soldier does deny medical treatment. The following paragraph is in the article and shows one of these scenarios. With the examples I provided, I have learned that the United States military strictly punishes its service member with the crimes they commit by going by their governing document of the UCMJ. Following military orders is a strictly enforced. There isn’t any room for error when an order is given unless it is an unlawful order and can be challenged by the service member towards the superior official.

Essays --

Animal Testing According to the Foundation for Biomedical Research, â€Å"animal research has had a huge role in almost every major medical related discovery of the past century†. (Jarrett) I believe scientific testing on animals should remain legal, both for human and veterinary health. From blood transfusions to anitbiotics, from chemotherapy to vaccinations, and joint replacement to bypass surgery basically every current day emergency for prevention, treatment, control of disease, pain, and even cure is even based on knowledge achieved through research with lab animals. I believe it should remain legal because, the information we learn from the testing is very helpful, it has helped advancement in products that are used in our everyday lives. â€Å"Animal research and testing has played a part in almost every medical breakthrough of the last century. It has saved hundreds of millions of lives worldwide...† (Ryan) In a survey it has said that 99% of the physicians in the United States, agree that animal research has highly progressed medical research. In fact, almost 97% of those p...

Music Tempo

Since the early Baroque period, tempo markings had been used predominantly with instrumental music. But despite this fact, not all instrumental music had a tempo mark during those times. Composers have been inconsistent in their use of it; however, conductors have often modified a composer’s indications, either because of a different interpretation of the composition or because of the conditions under which it is performed. It was during the era of Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827) tempo markings became necessary which provided metronome markings instead of using descriptive words.Dance and choral music were played at a certain tempo, depending on their style and reflections to the mood of the text. In addition, descriptive tempo markings will most likely present the mood for example, allegro, not only tries to project the thought of quickness but it also conveys brightness. Largo does not only imply slowness but also broadness and expansiveness. Still using today the verbal te mpos frequently together with precise metronome markings are due to the expressive qualities being manifested.Vague idea of speed and notation of confusion will be the results of music being written before the development of particular metronomes. Speed is being indicated as symbols give the number of beats per bar in the system of time signatures being developed during the Renaissance period. Terminologies such as allegro meaning fast, presto as quick and lento being slow are Italian words indicating tempo in the 17th century. To the modern musicians, these words only gave an indistinct concept of speed but for the enthusiasts of contemporary music, customs of tempo were taken as read among composers and nearly all players.Tempo is an Italian word meaning speed or movement. At the top left corner of the musical staff, there could be found an expression that indicates how fast or slow the music should be played. This expression could be a word or a metronome marking. Metronome marki ng is the number of beats occurring in 60 seconds that measures the pace of music. As an example, ‘crotchet=60’ meaning there should be a 60 crotchet beats to the minute, that is to say, one .per second. Tempo is being measured by modern electronic metronomes very accurately.To some performers, they play the tempo according to their preferences and what suit their interpretation of the music. Performers who were encouraged to pay more attention to original tempo markings were caused by the knowledge of performance practice achieved by academic investigation into earlier music. At any one time, some other factors are influencing the choice of tempo, and a critical musical analysis most likely relies on changes in the fundamental tempo throughout a piece such as accelerando which means getting faster, ritardando as getting slower or rubato with a beat that is strictly irregular.The rate of speed is determined by its characteristics, performances’ physical condition s, and the composer’s transmitted instructions. Before the 17th century, from the notation, performers knew the correct tempo, for tempo were related to note values. The adaption of time signatures and tempo marks made visible a variety of durations for any note. The time signature  ¾ gave a quarter note one pulse, 3/2 gave half pulse; 4/8 gave it two pulses. The rate at which these occurred could be modified by the use of tempo markings, such as allegro or andante. A high degree of accuracy in tempo indications was made possible by the invention of the metronome, a device that shows the number of beats per minute.For adagio or very slow tempo, Adagio for Strings by Barber or Trio Sonata in G major by Bach are good sample pieces. Brandenburg Concerto No.6, in B-flat major by Bach and Clarinet Concerto in a major by Mozart are good pieces for allegro that is lively, rather quick. For rather slow, at moderate tempo that is andante, Mozart’s Piano Concerto No.21 in C ma jor is advisable to be listened.For grave, that is extremely low and solemn, Beethoven’s Sonata No.8 in C minor would be the perfect example. And for largo that is slow and broad, Dvorak’s Symphony No.9 in E minor as its corresponding piece. For moderate tempo we have moderato. For the samples, try Shostakovich’s Trio for Violin, Cello, and Piano or Hindemith’s Sonata for Bass, Tuba, and Piano. Mendelssohn’s Symphony No.4 in A major is an excellent musical piece for very quick tempo which is called presto. For quick and lively that is vivace, listen to Clarke’s Sonata for Viola and Piano,II.There are lots of tempo markings. From the fastest to slowest, common markings include prestissimo for extremely fast, vivacissimamente as the adverb of vivacissimo meaning very quickly and lively, vivacissimo for very fast and lively, presto and allegrissimo for very fast, and vivo as lively and fast. Allegro is used for fast and bright or called as a ma rch tempo. Allegro moderato for moderately quick, allegretto used in moderately fast, moderato for moderately, andantino for alternatively faster or slower than andante, andante used at a walking pace, tranquillamante is derived from the adverb of tranquillo meaning tranquilly and tranquillo for tranquil.Adagietto is used for rather slow, adagio for slow and stately, grave for slow and solemn. Larghetto is used for rather broadly, largo for very slow, lento is very slow like largo, largamente largo for broadly and very slow and larghissimo also for very slow. Basically allegro, largo, adagio, vivace, presto, andante and lento are the few root words used in markings.The suffix –issimo when put in the root word makes the tempo amplified. –ino used as suffix makes the tempo reduced and by adding the suffix –etto to the word the tempo becomes endeared. For sudden changes of different tempo in a piece of music, a new tempo will be given also marked the same way. Molt o or un poco are terms used as modifiers. Accelerando is used when tempo is accelerating or getting faster. Ritardando is used when slowing down, ritenuto when slower and rallentado when gradually slower. Poco a poco is used if pertaining to little by little or gradually speed. Rubato is used when speeding up and at the same time relaxes in ways that puts emphasis on the phrasing. Tempo I is used when referring to the original tempo again.ReferencesFarlex, Inc.   (2008). Tempo.   RetrievedApril 22, 2008 from